Energy Drink and Alternative Beverages Essay

1. What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. SEGMENTATION: The global market for alternative beverages was divided by product type (sports drinks, energy drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages) with different demands for each group. Sports drinks accounted for nearly 60% of alternative beverage sales in 2009, while vitamin-enhanced drinks and energy drinks got about 23% and 18% of 2009 alternative beverage sales, respectively, in the US. RIVALRY: The worldwide competition between three major producers (PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and Red Bull) made the industry rivalry become global. In U. S. , Pepsico has engulfed almost half or 47. 8% of the market shares last 2009. The only region where Coca-Cola beats Pepsico is in Asia-Pacific. Coca-cola has 13. 7% of the market shares while Pepsico has 12. 4%. Worldwide, Pepsico is still leading among the three with 26. 5% of market shares while Coca-Cola and Red Bull had 11. 5% and 7%, respectively. MARKET SIZE: The global beverage industry’s dollar value for beverages in 2009 was $1,581. 7 billion (458. 4 billion liters); with 48. 2% of industry sales was from carbonated soft drinks, 29. 2% from bottle water, 4. 0% from sports drinks, 1. 6% flavored or enhanced water, and 1. 2% from energy drinks. The dollar value of global market for alternative beverages in the same year was $40. 2 billion (12. 7 billion liters), while the dollar value of the U. S. market for alternative beverages stood at $17 billion (4. 2 billion liters). Meanwhile, in Asia-Pacific region, the dollar value for alternative beverages in 2009 was $12. 7 billion (6. 2 billion liters) and it was $9. 1 billion (1. 6 billion liters) in the European market. MARKET GROWTH: The dollar value of the global beverage industry had grown approximately 2. 6% annually from 2005 to 2009 and was forecasted to grow approximately 2. 3% annually from 2010 to 2014. However, this indicator for the alternative beverage industry was much higher. For example, the dollar value of the global market for alternative beverages grew at a 9. 8% annually from 2005 to 2009, but was expected to slow down to 5. 7% annually from 2010 to 2014. Based on the geographic share of the alternative beverages market, U. S. largely covers 42. 3% of it; while Asia-Pacific, Europe and Americas (excluding U. S. ) only cover 31. 5%, 22. 2% and 4% respectively. US is the country that has strongest growth internationally in terms of alternative beverage sales with a 84. 78% growth between 2005 and 2009; while Europe and Asia-Pacific are 22. 97% and 24. 51%, respectively. However, poor economic conditions in the US in 2008 and 2009 led to a 12. 3% decline in sports drink sales and a 12. 5% decline in flavored and vitamin-enhanced waters sales. It was also the reason why energy drinks sales increased just a little of 0. 2% between those years. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? In the beverage industry, competition can be extensive (large scale). There are many substitute beverages from tea,soft drinks,fruit juices, and bottled water. Provided that there is a wide range of substitute beverages, this weakens the competitive power of substitute beverages when there comes a change to consumer preference. Because there is a large purchase for wholesale clubs, grocery stores, and convenience stores ; consumers have significant influence in negotiations for pricing and slotting fees with the producers. Wholesale clubs and the likes find it difficult to represent new brands due to limited shelf space.when products become a household name such as coca cola, red bull, etc already offer the demands of consumers. Coca Cola and PepsiCo are the least vulnerable when it comes to substitute products since they offer a wide range of variety beverages. The strongest competitive force is competitive rivalry within the industry, competition grows stronger by the year. The primary focus on brand image is key to becoming a household name in the industry, Attractive packaging should be developed, New research and product development, Increase of distribution capabilities, Better taste and more variety. The Bargaining power and leverage of suppliers is the weakest competitive force, Consumers tend to buy more alternative products. The threat of new brands varies by market maturity of each alternative beverage category. Competition is strong and will continue on growing every year in the product line. Competition among all brands center mostly on brand image, attractive packaging, new product and research development, sales promotion, better access to shelf space, and strengthening distribution capabilities. Rivals expands their numbers and types of alternative beverages in their product line, the opportunity for low switch cost for consumers gets introduced and sales efforts to establish consumers brand loyalty. 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? The market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages is now changing due to the change in the long-term industry growth rate. Because of the US recession on the entire beverage industry the demand for the alternative beverages was expected to grow worldwide as the purchasing power of the consumers increased. The volume of the alternative beverages offered higher profit margin than those of other beverages. Product innovation, in terms of flavors and formulation, was the most important competitive feature of the alternative beverages. They competed on the basis of differentiation from traditional drinks. This made the industry attractive because of the enhanced look and flavors that the company made. The modernization in marketing and distribution system changed the industry in the way that the beverages may be bought from convenience stores, restaurants, sporting events, delis, concerts, festivals, carnivals and vending machines. The industry was made more attractive because of the famous artists that the companies hire for advertisements. There was also an expansion of target markets, and an increase in new entrants, which made the industry seem appealing to others. The regulations and policies that the government implemented made the industry less attractive due to the products’ faults being exposed to the public. The growing concern of people about health associated with their consumption also made the industry less attractive. For example, caffeine in energy drinks, mixture of alcohol and energy drinks, melatonine hormone in relaxation drinks, and use of Kava and unapproved valerian roots as food additives. The drivers of change, however, will unlikely alter the attractiveness of the alternative beverages for the next years because large producers of this industry would rely on product innovations and acquisitions to increase sales and market shares. But individual and collective effect of industry drivers of change will likely affect the attractiveness of the industry. 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drinks, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Red Bull GmbH, and Hansen Natural Corporation are strategic groups that are in the best positions because they have already established a market position and they hold most of the market share in the alternative beverage industry. They also account for most of the sales in the industry and they have conquered not just US but also Europe and some parts of Asia and America. Living Essentials, Vacation in a Bottle, Dream Water or Drank are strategic groups that are in the worst positions. This is due to the small number of consumers that they have and policies implemented by the government hinder their expansion. Though Living Essentials lead the development of energy drinks, they did not expanded their market thus other companies took advantage of the opportunity. 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? The four key factors that determine the success of alternative beverage producers: (1) access to distribution, (2) innovating product skills, (3) image, and (4) sufficient sales volume. The first one is access to distribution, which is regarded as the most important industry success factor due to the fact that most brands of energy drinks/alternative beverages cannot achieve good sales volumes and market shares unless they are widely available in stores, and there are also far too many brands for all to be included on store shelves. Popular brands that enjoyed first mover advantages such as Red Bull and 5-Hour Energy and brands offered by Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were assured of consistent access to distribution. The second factor is innovating product skills. By definition, alternative beverages were different from traditional beverages based upon product innovation. Moreover, continuing product innovations were essential to developing additional volume gains from line extensions and the entry into new categories like energy shots. The third one is image, which was also a critical factor in choosing a brand of customers. The image presented by the product’s name and emphasized in advertisements, endorsements, and promotions created demand for one brand over another. Brand image was also a result of labels and packaging that alternative beverage consumer found appealing. Small producers with poor image building capabilities found it difficult to compete in the industry unless the product enjoyed a first-mover advantage similar to that achieved by 5-Hour Energy. Finally, sufficient sales volume to achieve scale economies in marketing expenditures is also an important driver. Successful alternative beverage producers were required to have sufficient sales volumes to keep marketing expenses at an acceptable cost per unit basis. 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH? Coca Cola * Increase alternative beverage drink brand awareness in Europe and capture its market * Grow infrastructure in Africa. * Continue to budget and implement their â€Å"2020 vision† corporate strategy * Enhance product line and innovation PepsiCo * Focus on current energy drink line * Continue to promote their tea and juice-energy lines * Offer different sized cans for current energy drink lines of No fear and Amp * Proceed to distribute Rockstar energy drinks and strengthen their alliance with them RedBull * Expand product line while focusing on market penetration in South America * Branch out with additional lines of alternative beverages * Continue to promote brand.

New job

Grog executive team. Understand that you face the possibility of shutting down operations in Tentacle and I want to lend some help and financial expertise. After much deliberation, I believe it is the best decision to keep the Tentacle plant open and not outsource to China. There are many costs associated with outsourcing to China and I do not believe the positive aspects of outsourcing outweigh the Increase In costs. Cost Analysis Labor Costs Labor is by far the most important factor in this decision. One of the biggest draws to China is their cheap labor.The relevant labor cost in China right now is $0. 91 per hour with an expected increase of 40% in the next 10 years. In comparison, relevant labor cost in Tentacle right now is $16. 25 with an expected increase of 3% per year (Exhibit 4). Assuming each of Tempura's 195 employees works 40 hours per week and 50 weeks per year, that totals a labor cost for this year of $6,337,500 compared to $354,900 in China for the same amount of em ployees. I understand that the cost differential is staggering. However, I would like to point out hat there are many ways to offset these costs without outsourcing to China.One huge factor in this is worker productivity. Workers are much more productive in the united States and perform tasks at a more efficient rate than in China. The new hand spreader used to require six people to assemble it and we have redesigned the components so that only four people need to work on it. With more advancements like this and making your Tentacle plant as automated as possible, you can cut costs In Tentacle by the hundreds of thousands of dollars. By hiring an outside labor force In China, you would be lengthening the company's Information gap.It might take Scoots-Millrace Grog one day to figure out a problem In Tentacle or perform certain testing, when It could take up to two weeks to have that done In China. Keeping your production workers close to your R&D department Is vital for research and product advancement. The only other way Is to have a supply chain manager fly to China frequently to keep up with outsourced operations and make sure they understand the Improvements that need to be made. Supply Chain Costs By looking at Scoots-Miracle Grog's incoming statements and balance sheets, we can e that the company is steadily increasing revenue each year.Scoots-Miracle Grog 0. 35, and a Return on Equity of 0. 12. All of these calculations set the company up for a successful transition into China via outsourcing. However, we must take into account the various supply chain costs that will arise if this decision is made. The biggest changes are freight and operational cost. This is an expense that is essentially $0 in Tentacle. Now, it would be around $8,000,000 each year. Since we would only be saving $5,982,600 in labor costs, this does not Justify acquiring a freight expense of $8,000,000.In addition, Scoots-Miracle Grog would need to hold an additional eight weeks of safe ty stock in Tentacle at a cost of $460,000 and spend much more on quality managers who can assure that the product arrives in the United States in the perfectly desired form. I do not believe Scoots-Miracle Grog outsourcing to China maximizes its capability to be a leader in the three major utilities: time, form, and place. While $2. 7 billion in revenue is admirable, I do not believe Scoots-Miracle Grog has enough need (domestically or internationally) to Justify outsourcing. Loss of KnowledgeMore than anything, I think Scoots-Miracle Grog needs to more fully comprehend the information and knowledge gap that will arise by distancing operations. New production workers will be given the responsibility of understanding Scoots-Miracle Grog products and meet the executive team's exact specifications. In order to do this, managers will need to fly out frequently, train other managers, and constantly monitor quality among shipments. If the company were willing to expand international oper ations and sell to the Chinese people, then the information and knowledge gap would not be so large.However, going there to simply save costs would present an array of new problems and costs. Keeping the company knowledge as close to the domestic market is the safest and smartest thing to do. Conclusion If you are looking to compromise with the executive team, you might consider outsourcing for one year while simultaneously scaling down production and operations in Tentacle. This would, of course, be a short-term plan in order to get the company back on its feet. There would be considerable setup costs for the China production, but the executive team might like this idea in order to save as much as possible now.

Extra Sensory Perception

â€Å"Factually substantiated reports abound confirming clairvoyant dreams that have led to the discovery of a discovery of missing child, the location of a lost object of value, or the recovery of a corpse. (Stinger 68) Frederic W. H. Myers was a philosopher who founded the Society for Psychical Research SPUR). The SPUR molded the Thought-Transference Committee to form experiments of those who believed they had ESP.. Reverend Creepy explained that he believed to the Thought -Transference Committee that all four of his daughters had the telepathy ability. Each of his daughters could read people's minds and playing cards that were taken randomly out of the deck. While they were being tested on their ability, the daughters had 382 tests to correctly identify the card number and the suit.Out Of all Of those times the girls acknowledged 202 of the cards correctly. There was one incident when en of the daughters mentioned 1 7 cards in a row correctly- suits and everything. â€Å"On seve ral occasions individual Creepy sisters were able to correctly name five cards in a row. Barrett said the odds of this happening by chance were â€Å"over 142 million to one. † (Killeen 20) The SPUR members went also went into more of the spontaneous telepathy. Dry. Joseph B. Rhine has many studies involving extra sensory perception at Duke University..Rhine thought that a traditional fifty two pack of cards would be more difficult for card guessers since you would have to determine the color ( red or black) , he number and the suit (spade, club, heart or diamond). The experiments specially created cards known as Keener cards which were originated from a psychologist known as Karl E. Keener who Rhine consulted his issue to. These cards were composed of twenty five cards with every card having a symbol The symbols on the Keener cards included a cross, a star, wavy lines, a square and a circle.Rhine believed that the cards were very useful for example of the Celery sisters who believed they had extra sensory perception due to the many cards that were correctly given. With the Keener card method the odds hat the subject answers correctly by chance is only twenty percent since it's a one in five chance of getting the symbol correct. Rhine continued to test hundreds of experiments with these Keener cards with student volunteers so their results varied. But one student caught his attention and was much different than the rest of the students.

Eco-Innovation in Construction Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Eco-Innovation in Construction Industry - Essay Example You will need to recognize and reflect on both the management and the various â€Å"people† and stakeholder issues involved. You may consider product, system, procedural, structural or relationship innovations with progressive or step change. Assessment Criteria: Research, investigation and description of the innovation 20% Understanding and application of theory, and models. 15% Critical analysis of the particular situation selected. 35% Personal statement about coping with change 10% Flow of academic argument responding to the question. 20% Word Count 4000 words + / - 10% CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 03 NEED FOR CHANGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 03 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 03 THE CAUSE OF CONCERN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 04 DISCUSSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 05 ECO-INNOVATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... L APPLIED FOR CMMS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICULAR SITUATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 15 INTRODUCTION to the Problem Two of the central issues being faced by modern construction and engineering organisations are eco-innovation and change management as the industry is continuing to shift cultural and move towards wider operationally excellent business models. The recent economic conditions have compounded the pressure. Coupled with this regulatory pressure from government and the consolidation of sub contractors, the climate has inevitably led to much stiffer competition. Within this novel sphere, many organisations are struggling to manage the costs and differentiate themselves from the competition. NEED FOR CHANGE Change is defined by Macmillan (2007, p.237) as â€Å"a situation in which something becomes different or you make something different. † Change occurs in any business on a daily basis, but often a time comes when a planned change is needed to cope with shifts in the industry. Planned organisational change occurs when a company is making a transition from its current state to a desired future state. Managing the organisational change can be characterised as the process of planning and then implementing change in organisations in a way as to minimise the

Fetal alcohol syndrome Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fetal alcohol syndrome - Article Example Although FAS is seen as a leading cause of mental retardation, only approximately 20% are mentally retarded, which may explain evidences of behavior problems. In addition, these children are placed in regular schools, where most of the time teachers do not have concrete ideas on how to enhance learning specifically for these students. Participants The three-year study was participated by three students diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), who were also previously part of a larger research study concerning the condition, and they were K-12 school-aged when the present study was conducted. The 13 teachers who willingly participated involved 7 men and 6 women. The educators differed in specialized content areas, including math, physical education, English and language arts, and keyboarding, with varied professional experiences, ranging from 1 to 24 years. They were selected from three sites, Windy Way, Fishport, and Island City. Methods Qualitative methods were used i n the study and data collection methods included (a) individual or group interviews with teachers on-site, (b) participants’ classroom observations, and, (c) retrieval of the students’ relevant educational and medical records. A total of 26 interviews were conducted during the course of the study, in which these were all taped and transcribed.

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus Research Paper

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus nursing assistants on the timely delivery of insulin therapy to patients - Research Paper Example Nurses should be in the fore front in enhancing diabetes control mechanisms. Bearing in mind that some patients may be too old to use the advanced technology in trying to curb the disease, nurses come in handy in ensuring the patients are taken care of (Farmer et al., 2007). Nurses may be involved in teaching patients how to handle the monitoring devices. To avoid patients having further complications from the disease due to lack of proper insulin therapy, nurses and nurses assistants should make sure they oversee the insulin therapy process. They should ensure patients are assisted wherever possible and that they (patients) get their dosage in time. Patients benefit from nurses who undertake their own accu check as the results are received in less time. The accu check gets results in the least time possible and nurses have the privilege of administering relevant dosage to patients as they require. This has led the nurses to get accurate information of a patient’s diabetic state, from where nurses can give the right medication to the patient. This trend of nursing obtaining their own accu check has made patients feel more confident about the treatment they get as they know the results are highly reliable. Some stakeholders involved in this sector are: patients, nurses, the medical agencies. Diabetes has been of a major concern thus, necessitating the unveiling of new methods to deal with the challenges it brings. Patients are directly affected by the disease and any invention towards their treatment affects them directly. Accu checks are meant to assist the patients undertake their glucose tests in real time. The results for accu check are efficient thus promoting efficient medication towards controlling the effects of diabetes. When nurses undertake their own accu check, efficiency can be easily achieved as a patient may be confident of getting the right treatment. Patients

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business Communication - Essay Example First, Marge did not plan well for Jerry’s evaluation. Jerry is full of excitement about his evaluation, has thus prepared well, and planned his time well in a way that he arrives at the conference room five minutes earlier. As a good leader, Marge needed to do likewise and appear on time for Jerry’s evaluation, which would give both of them a chance to converse and come to an agreement before eleven o’clock. Marge is using her lagging behind schedule, her hectic morning, and a meeting ahead with an important client as an excuse to sit and evaluate Jerry in a proper manner. Her lack of planning brings about the miscommunication between her and jerry. Jerry even quotes her as â€Å"late again† to show that it is a habit. A second barrier to communication between Jerry and Marge is their conflicting goals. As a supervisor to Jerry, Marge retorts that if he rates Jerry anything beyond average, he may relax. She appreciates that Jerry is working hard, but she does not communicate this to him. Instead, she decides to give him this rating to make Jerry work harder and improve on his work. On the other hand, Jerry expectations are high and according to him, an above average or excellent is his rating. He needs an explanation as to why Marge rates her as average and refuses to sign the evaluation documents. Marge cannot explain her aim in rating Jerry in the average column and thus they fail to understand one another. According to slide share website, â€Å"effective communication takes place when other can see situations as we do, think about the situation as we do, and understand the message as we do† (Slide share web). Failure to this, wrong assumptions fill up the intended message hindering comm unication. Thirdly, another barrier to communication is ones state of mind at the time of receiving and sending the message. This is because encoding and

Management Information Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Information Systems - Research Paper Example In this project, the basic idea is to automate the traditional business practices and improve the overall capability and performance of corporation. Business Overview The scenario of the business is that my best friend has bought a small retail business in Central Florida and its name is Bright Moon Store. The business has been doing fairly well but my friend has just found out that the accounting system consists of cash and receipts in a shoe box and there are no reports of anything since everything was kept in the prior owner's head. So in this project, my friend has hired me as a consultant to help him get things organized. Markets The Bright Moon Store deals in general household products that are used in our daily lives. The basic intention of this store is to provide customers with more convenient and easy access to daily used products. Bright Moon Store has a long business history in the market and with the passage of time its overall reorganization has improved. As a result, B right Moon Store wants to improve its overall market reorganization and performance. With the passage of time the business customers are increasing so the business needs to adopt some effective tools and techniques to deal with these growing requirements. Mission/Business Need In order to run its business effectively Bright Moon Store has to fulfill its basic business needs. The effective fulfillment of these needs will effectively support all business areas. In this scenario Bright Moon Store’s basic business needs are outlined below: (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005) Automated product management Rapid management and processing of business resources Staff management Effective supply chain management and automation Efficient and effective customer record management Back-office information management Purchasing management Data security Finance management Data sharing among all store areas like store, purchase counter, etc. Improved inventory ma nagement Timely and accurate business reporting Effective decision support HR management Problems with Current Information Processing Bright Moon Store is currently completing its business tasks using manual ways. In such scenario the overall workload and working style are more rigid, which ultimately causes less effective business performance. The present business data is paper based or semi automated. In this scenario problem is that the amount of data is huge and it cannot be handled without using an appropriate information system. According to (Hoffer, Prescott, & McFadden, 2007; Laudon & Laudon, 1999), â€Å"an information system is a collection of organized components that work collectively, process, store, and distribute information to a variety of departments with the purpose of supporting decision making and control in an organization†. Thus, in the absence of an information system we connect retrieve some valuable information from this data. This data is presently w orthless because the extraction of the valuable facts and figures is much harder. In addition, business of Bright

Probability Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Probability Games - Essay Example The coin flip has only two probable outcomes, that is, either it is heads or tails. One flipped the coin twenty times and got a result of eleven heads and nine tails. Although flipping a coin is said to have an equal chance of coming up on either side, one’s experience did not have such a result. This may be due to the fact that the experiment was only made twenty times. According to frequentists, â€Å"the probability of getting a heads is 1/2, not because there are two equally likely outcomes but because repeated series of large numbers of trials demonstrate that the empirical frequency converges to the limit 1/2 as the number of trials goes to infinity† (Edurite.com, n.d.). ` When one played the dice roll, one realized that the outcomes are much more than the coin flip because each die has six sides. The other die has also six sides; thus, rolling the two dice at the same time would mean that there are greater possible outcomes. It is therefore harder to predict the results of the dice roll than the coin flip. The method that will be difficult for children to understand is the theoretical method because it is difficult to imagine it. Experimental probabilities are easier to understand because they can see it clearly, such as the coin flipping. For children, using formulas to determine the probabilities is quite a challenge. Through the games that one played, one learned that in determining probabilities, it is important that one knows what the likely outcomes of the experiment are. One also learned that some outcomes may have equal likely outcomes while others may be mutually exclusive events (Homepages.ius.edu, n.d.). There are also some events which may be non-mutually exclusive, which means that some events may have common outcomes (Homepages.ius.edu, n.d.). The study of probabilities is very relevant to decision making. Although, the experiment that one performed by playing the coin flip and the dice roll may not be so important,

The audiences perceptions towards Macbeth through act one Essay Example for Free

The audiences perceptions towards Macbeth through act one Essay I am writing an essay on the audiences perceptions towards Macbeth through act one. This means what the audiences feelings and thoughts to Macbeth are. Macbeths characteristics are up and down through out the whole of the act, from bad to good and evil to noble. This makes the audience unsteady on their thoughts about Macbeth. This essay will be my perception on what the audiences thoughts of Macbeth are as he changes through act one. Right from the beginning, the witches show that they want to involve Macbeth in their evil plans. For instance in scene 1 line 8 they say, There to meet with Macbeth.. Unfortunately this shows Macbeth has been chosen as their victim. This starts the suspense up. The audience now wants to know who Macbeth is? But this would also make them feel sorry for him because the witches have now involved him in their plot. We hear about Macbeth again, when a Sergeant is talking to the king. In scene 2 lines 16-18 Captain says, For brave Macbeth-well deserves that name- Disdaining Fortune with his brandished steel Which smoked with bloody execution, Like Valours minion carved out his passage. So now we get the point that he is a noble and a brave warrior. The king replies to the sergeant in scene 2 line 24 by saying, O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman.. This means the king Duncan, recognises Macbeths bravery and values his loyalty. The king very well respects Macbeth, he must be important! At this point we now think he is a good man and do not want the witches to get involved with him. In return the Sergeant talks to the king in scene 2 lines 22-23, when he says, Till he unseamed him from the navel to the chaps And fixed his head upon battlements.. Macbeth shows that when he is determined to defeat someone, he is violent and ruthless. The audience are now thinking he is very extreme and he would do anything to get what he wants. The king finally finished the conversation in scene 2 lines 64-65 by saying, Go pronounce his present death And with his former title Macbeth. King Duncan is so pleased with Macbeths loyalty that he promotes Macbeth to the trusted position of thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is loyal and has the kings trust. The evil witches are back and they now start to brain wash Macbeth with ideas that never even entered his mind. In scene 3 lines 48 they say, All hail Macbeth, that shall be king hereafter. The witches plant the idea in Macbeths mind that he will be the king one day. Until this point he has shown complete loyalty to king Duncan. He is at an undecided stage right now keeping the audience guessing. Macbeth wants to hear more from them and starts being very inquisitive. In scene 3 line 48 He shouted out to the witches, Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more.. Macbeth wants to hear more from the witches; this shows he is ambitious and likes the sound of being king. This shows how gullible and easily drawn into anything Macbeth is. Banquo a good friend of Macbeth warns him in scene 3 lines 121-123, but tis strange, And often times, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths,. Banquo realises that the witches are evil and suspects that Macbeth might be taken in by them. He tries to warn Macbeth. Soon after that Macbeth starts to show signs of evilness, which is a bad thing. For instance in scene 4 lines 42-43 Macbeth says, If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me. With out my stir Macbeth speculates that if he destined to become king. Then maybe it will happen regardless. So he might do something to make him king quicker. The audience is getting more and more of a picture of Macbeth as he shows more and more signs of evilness. We start to think he wasnt as noble and as good as we heard about him from the beginning of the act. In scene 4 lines 48-50 he says, The Prince of Cumberland : that is a step On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, For in my way it lies. Macbeth realises that Malcolm (the kings son) is an obstacle to becoming king. He shows that he is prepared to be ruthless in dealing with Malcolm. Now we come to Lady Macbeth. We see she was mad because as soon as she heard the news of Macbeth becoming Thane Cawdor she starts to plot. As we heard in scene 5 lines 14-15, yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full othmilk of human kindness. Straight away she assumes Macbeth has to become king, which means the death of king Duncan would have to be soon. Lady Macbeth is afraid that her husband is too soft hearted to do what he has to do to become king. So she shows signs of Macbeth being a wimp and not going to jump at the opportunity. At this point we start to see through Macbeth and notice he has got a conscious, so maybe hes just all mouth. Hears what he said in scene 7 lines 15-16, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. Macbeth shows guiltiness about the plan to kill Duncan. He feels he should be protecting Duncan instead of attacking him. We now see a different side to Macbeth, that he was never bad because of what he said in scene 7 lines 31-32, I am settled and bend up Each corporal agent to this terrible feat Macbeths conscience-stricken about the murder plan. He feels in Duncans debt because of the way Duncan has treated him recently. Changing the audiences view of him yet again to being a good person. Then his personality just takes a drop, he goes back to being evil and bad, this happens in scene 7 lines 80-81 when Macbeth says, I am settled and bend up Each corporal agent to this terrible feat Macbeth finally decides to go through with the ruthless plan. He is totally committed to the murder of Duncan. Now he has gone back to his evil raw self! Leaving the audience with no sympathy. He even shows dishonesty in scene 7 lines 82 where he says, False face must hide what the false heart doth know Macbeth is prepared to be dishonest and deceitful in order to carry his plans. The audiences final perception of Macbeth was he is totally evil and completely crazy! Conclusion Here is a table of the Audiences Perceptions of Macbeth, through out the whole of Act 1! As you can see in the graph, the audiences perceptions of Macbeth go up and down through the act. At the beginning of the act we thought Macbeth was a good noble man, but that soon changed. Then we thought good and bad of him because his Behaviour was up and down, from good to bad, noble to deceitful, he went through many different stages. To the end of act one, his true colours finally showed and we saw how evil and crazy for power he was and thats why he killed the king. Our final perceptions of Macbeth in act 1,was that his hunger for the reign was so powerful and obsessive. Which eventually turned him into an evil madman, that sums it up to show how, from having morals and scruples as well as sincerity, his greed for the throne changed him to become cunning, deceitful, and a heartless Macbeth. Leaving the audience with mixed feelings.

Beneficial of team work

Beneficial of team work Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Henry Ford I personally feel that team work is almost totally beneficial to an organisation and also to its members. Researchers suggest that individuals are better than teams at generating new ideas, but the teams are better than individuals at evaluating ideas. Before advancing into the argument, let us first try to understand what does the term Team actually mean and in turn to understand it we should figure out what does a Group mean. A group is a collection of two or more people who often have a face to face interaction among themselves and work in an interdependent manner in order to achieve their common goals. As mentioned by Katzenbach Smith, a team is an extraordinary form of a formalised group. He states that a team consists of a small number of people who all are committed to serve a common purpose and achieve their performance goals. It generally operates with a common approach and the people in it are always mutually accountable. Having got an idea of what a team really means, now let us try to get a pinch of some of the issues that are being faced by them. The following should be taken care for the proper functioning of a team, A pleasant atmosphere should be maintained within it and all its members should sustain a good relationship among themselves. All the members should be made to actively participate in the team. The members should all be made aware and also accept their team goals the up to date informations should be shared among them. If any misunderstanding arises in the team, they should be resolved as and when possible. Since decision making holds a higher degree of importance, all the team members must be made to participate in it. Performance evaluation should be carried out frequently. Labour should be equally divided among all the members and they should be given the freedom to express their concerns. In order for the team work to be beneficial to an organisation and its employees the practise of it should be made efficient enough. The effectiveness of such a team could be determined by factors like its design, overall composition and the processes it follows whereas Hackman suggests three different criterias for assessing a teams effectiveness. Firstly, it is the actual output of the team. Secondly, the entire team should work as a performing unit. Thirdly, each member of the team should be satisfied with the experience of working in it. As already stated now let us study in detail about the various factors that contributes to the effective working of a team. Effort There are some factors which intensifies the quantity of effort the members of the team disburse on carrying out the given task, Work Design The motivating factor of the team very much relies on its work design. Hackman states that a higher degree of effort is achieved from the team only if the task they perform is found to be challenging, has a major impact on the organisation or its clients, is totally owned by the team and if it gives out regular feedback on the team members performance. Reward System Efforts will be higher if there is a reward system in place. It provides the team with challenging objectives and emphasizes their accomplishment. Hence it directly paves way for the team members growth and indirectly aids the organisations augmentation. Knowledge and Skill The members of the team should be both technically as well functionally competent. The effective performance of a team mainly depends on the resources (Knowledge and Skill) it possesses in order to complete the given job. The factors that should be taken care are, Team Composition A teams composition is mainly determined by the level of expertise it has pertaining to the performing task. But normally the teams composition is determined either by seniority or by personal predilections instead of taking into account the ability or the technical expertise it possesses. Team Size Though many teams in an organisation tend to be large, it does not paves way for the effective functioning of the team. The major issue being that if the number of members in a teams increases then the degree of interaction within the team decreases to a greater extent. In addition some people will start finding it difficult to make their contributions. As stated by Handy, the first and foremost reason for the above is that a tendency would start arising for those who make huge contributions to employ most influence and vice versa. The second factor being that the people who are devoid of their contribution could deny the team of their relevant knowledge and skills. Performance Strategies Hackman states that a team would almost employ a task appropriate performance strategy based on the following three conditions, Firstly, the concern about the amount of information available for the team members to be made use while assessing their performance. Secondly, the concern is about the interaction that takes place within the team members which in turn encourages them to make use of the information available. The teams before getting into the actual must do some pre-work to figure out what the work is all about and the process which they should employ. Thirdly, the team interaction not only paves way for newer ideas but also helps the team to no get deviated from the strategic implementation of their ideas. In spite of taking good care during some instances there seems to be some deviation from the chosen approach, which in turn is mainly due to the lacking of quality in the decision making process. Decision Making One of the major factors pursued by a team in order to achieve good results both for the organisation and its members is the Decision Making. All the members of the team should be actively made to participate in the decision making process. Biasing is an important factor that arises during the decision making process. The one being the general biasing where even though there seems to be an abundance of information across all the team members, it is always some peoples voice which could be heard in the decision making process owing to their seniority. The second kind of biasing is called the Epistemic Freezing, which means the team tends to come up with an opinion and once it is shaped up it is left all alone i.e., it is literally let to freeze out. The teams normally make accurate decisions when compared to the individuals. There are two reasons to support it. Firstly, when all the members of the team are brought together they all in turn bring about a diversity of knowledge and information which could not be obtained from a single person. Secondly, there would be different approaches by different kinds of people in a team for the problem in progress. The teams should comprise of a good mix of people in order to make the decision making process effective. It should have a combination with different levels of experiences in the problem they are dealing with. The status of the team members should never be considered in the decision making process, this is because the members with a higher status always try to have some amount of influence on the teams solution to the given problem which in some scenarios could be wrong. There are number of techniques for performing the decision making process in a team. Some of them are as follows, Brainstorming A team of about five to ten people sit together and discuss for about an hour about the issues on which they need to generate newer ideas. It is normally the lead person who initiates the meeting. The entire conversation between the team members are recorded for later assessment. Delphi Technique The actual face to face interaction among the team members does not takes place. Initially each member of the group writes down his ideas and solutions to the reported problem, which are then updated in a common database. Each member of the team are then sent a copy of the other members contributions and are all expected give out their comments for the same. The above process is repeated until the team arrives at a common solution. Stages of Team Development There are five stages in the development process of a team. The teams though often keep changing the order of development owing to the constant change of members in it. Forming The actual formation of the team takes place in this stage. The team interacts and learns about the challenges and agrees on their goals. This is considered as the most important stage as the basic interaction between the team members takes place here. Storming The team argues about the different ideas that are to be considered. Since all the team members actively participate, this stage is considered necessary for the growth of the team. Norming The team members start to adjust each others behaviour and make work to seem more natural and free flowing. They agree on each others rules working methods and ideas. A sense of mutual trust begins to develop among them. Performing The teams begin to perform their tasks as unit without any supervision. The members of the team tend to be become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. In this stage the team members care of the decision making processes by themselves. A teams success not only depends on its members but mainly on the kind of leader it has. A leader is one who guides as well as acts with his team to achieve their objectives. A good team should have leader who could portray different working styles and also be able to recognise the strengths of his team members as well as tolerate their weakness. Also an excellent team should not be stuck with the one person as its leader all the time. Team Building Team are often found to be more cohesive. The factors that add on to it are, The Common Task Teams always perform as closely tied unit since they work for achieving a common goal. This unified approach leads to a greater degree of cooperation and job satisfaction among its members which in turn helps the organisation to give out its deliverables at a faster rate. Communication When there is a better level of communication among the team members, they begin to help each other and make themselves to get a grip on all the processes. Hence communication paves way for the team to start working as an organised unit. Size The team should only have a maximum of 10-12 members. Increases in the number of members tend to have an adverse on the performance of the team. Belbin has suggested eight roles that could be used while building a team. They are, Company Workers A person who is hard working and self disciplined. He has good organising ability and is also pretty dutiful. Chairperson A person who has good idea about his team objectives. He is almost confident, calm and treats everyone in the team fairly. He is not all biased. Shaper As the name indicates he is the person who challenges and corrects all kinds of deficiencies that is prevalent in the team. Plant A person with higher degree of individualism and with radiant imagination and intellectual capabilities. Resource Investigator Someone who comes up with newer ideas and solutions for the reports problems. He communicates well with all his team members. Monitor Evaluator Someone having good judgemental capabilities and a practical attitude towards work. Team Worker He is always calm in nature and interacts with others and induces team spirit among them. Completer-Finisher An anxious person who follows order in each and everything he does and has a obsession towards perfection. Though team work always ends up in success, there are some scenarios which could result for its failure, If there are not enough knowledgeable people Conflicts between the members of the team owing to the portrayal of different characters Incapability of some to perform their assigned tasks Constant changing of the roles of the members within the team Lack of basic ethos to aid the team growth by the organisation

Development of Sustainable Water Management System

Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK. Development of Sustainable Water Management System Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK.